Posted in Soil Mechanics

Soil Mechanics: Size Gradation and Soil Classification

Posted in Soil Mechanics

Sorting Out the Coarse Fraction Using Pie Charts, and a Unified Classification Example

In the process of classifying soils using the Unified System, one of the parts which some students find tricky is the business of the “proportion of the coarse fraction,” i.e., the way we decide if a mostly coarse-grained soil sample is sand or gravel. This is an attempt to illustrate this using a pie chart.

First, for purposes of the Unified System of soil classification, for particle distribution size by weight/mass all soils can be broken down into three parts:

1. Gravel, the portion of the sample retained on the #4 sieve
2. Silt and Clay/Fine-grained portion, the portion which passes the #200 sieve (or, put a little eccentrically, retained on the pan)
3. Sand, what’s left over from the first two portions

Let’s start with an example, the Soil “A” from the course example, which has a fine fraction of 10% and a gravel portion of 11%. Conventionally, we would say that the coarse fraction is 90% of the weight, and that the gravel portion of the coarse fraction is 11%/0.9 = 12.1%. Since the sand portion is 100% – 12.1% = 87.9%, the sand portion is greater, and thus the soil is a sand. This is correct but confusing to beginners.

If we were to graph the three portions in a pie chart, it would look like this:

We break out the fine grained (silt and clay) portion and see immediately that the sand fraction is larger than the gravel. Since the combination of the two are most of the soil (overwhelmingly in this case) the soil is a) coarse-grained and b) a sand.

Let’s look at something a little more challenging: a soil which is only slightly predominantly course grained:

The soil is split 51/49 coarse-grained, so it’s classified as coarse grained (S or G.) We could go through the math like we did earlier, but the pie chart, be it ever so closely, shows that the gravel portion is slightly (26 vs. 25) larger than the sand portion. So this would classify as a gravel, GM or GC depending upon the Atterberg limits.

Here’s another example, this time with the fine fraction reduced. Here the sand is slightly larger than the gravel (32 vs. 28) and so the soil will classify as a sand, SM or SC.

For our last example, let’s do an entire soil classification. The gradation chart looks like this:

From this, we can construct our pie chart as follows:

From the pie chart we see two things:

1. The silt and clay fraction is only 3.4%; this is obviously a coarse-grained soil, and given the low portion of fines a clean one.
2. The gravel portion is obviously larger than the sand, thus this is a gravel, “G” classification.

Since the fines are so low, it is either a GW or GP. We can determine which by looking at the coefficients of uniformity and curvature. Using the method shown in the Soils and Foundations Manual, these are as follows: $D_{60} = 17.11,\,D_{30} = 2.84,\,D_{10} = 0.16$, from which $C_u = 107,55\,C_c = 2.97$. In the Unified System this is a well graded soil, hence the classification is GW.

We can see from this that the pie chart visualisation is a useful tool when attempting to understand whether a coarse-grained soil is predominantly sand or gravel. It also helps us to see that the “hard” distinctions of the Unified System are not necessarily the whole story of a soil sample, which is why experience is so important in geotechnical engineering.

Posted in Geotechnical Engineering, Soil Mechanics

Folds, Dip and Strike

Soil Mechanics courses tend to do a cursory treatment of engineering geology, and mine is no exception. This is due to time and curriculum limitations. This is a nice presentation on this subject, describing the various kinds of folds and how they relate to the strike and dip on geologic maps.

Registration is now open at http://www.dfi.org/S3-2020 for DFI’s S3: Slopes, Slides and Stabilization webinar being held Wednesday, August 5, from 11:00 a.m. – 2:00 p.m. EST (US). The webinar is part of an ongoing software discussion series for DFI’s S3: Slopes, Slides and Stabilization conferences developed to further industry understanding of the use of software…